Randy Schekman 教授的研究对象是Saccharomyces cerevisiae(酿酒酵母)。单细胞真核生物,基因少(相对于人类),易操作(好养,好处理,实验工具丰富啊),同时仍与人类细胞有很多的相似性。他的实验思路可以说是一种“减法”。通过突变去除某个蛋白然后看它的影响。道理如同足球比赛你少派了一名队员上场,发现对方进球很容易,怎么射怎么有,那么没上的那个家伙很可能就是门将。生物研究通过基因突变去除某个特定的基因或者改变它的部分基因序列,那么突变细胞就会缺少该基因所编码的蛋白,或者蛋白仍存在但是缺失某些功能。
谢邀。 简单答一下吧。先介绍下他们文章里用的方法,由于年代久远估计好多目前都不怎么使用了。以后有空了再补充下目前trafficking一般的研究手段。 另外,我想这个,去看看原文就能知道答案了,我帮你们搬运下好了。 主要是根据The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine这个里面给的“Key publications”来的。 第一篇http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC383491/ 主要是通过电镜观察一个酵母的温度敏感分泌缺陷突变体(sec1-1),发现其在37度时有大量“internal pool of the secretory enzymes invertase and acid phosphatase”积累,此时出现“a large increase in the number of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles”,细胞回到允许温度后这些vescile随同这些酶就会被分泌出去,与“a vesicle intermediate in the yeast secretory pathway“的相应证据是一致的,”and suggest that exocytosis may contribute to cell-surface growth.” 结论:主要是电镜观察小泡形态+突变体。 第二篇http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6498939 作者们在cell-free的系统中通过测量3H-N-acetylglucosa-mine (GlcNAc)的coupled incorporation来观测"Transport of the VSV-encoded glycoprotein (G protein) between successive compartments of the Golgi "。下图为示意,摘自原文。 结论:通过作者自己构建的体外系统,利用同位素标记的底物来示踪,同时还测了酶活的好像。 第三篇http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2188733 通过电镜观察一堆突变体,“sec18, sec17, and sec22, accumulate 50 nm vesicles at the nonpermissive temperature.” “These interactions suggest cooperation between different SEC gene products in vesicle budding and vesicle fusion processes.” 第四篇http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333096 发现p65的胞内端长得像PKC,并且能和酸性磷脂结合。“The structure and properties of p65 suggest that it may have a role in mediating membrane interactions during synaptic vesicle exocytosis.” 具体是先离心synaptic vesicles,再做chromatography,然后SDS-PAGE得到p65蛋白,测蛋白质序列,据此设计引物PCR其cDNA,做个比对,测测一些诸如与脂类结合的性质。从这篇开始,总算有广大生物民工耳熟能详的玩意了。 第五篇SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion 用SNAREs拉in vivo的蛋白,“An affinity purification procedure based on the natural binding of these proteins to their targets was used to isolate SNAP receptors (SNAREs) from bovine brain . Remarkably, the four principal proteins isolated were all proteins associated with the synapse, with one type located in the synaptic vesicle and another in the plasma membrane, suggesting a simple mechanism for vesicle docking. The existence of numerous SNARE-related proteins, each apparently specific for a single kind of vesicle or target membrane, indicates that NSF and SNAPs may be universal components of a vesicle fusion apparatus common to both constitutive and regulated fusion (including neurotransmitter release), in which the SNAREs may help to ensure vesicle-to-target specificity.“ 拉下来的主要四个蛋白都是和突触有关的,说明了SNAREs在定位目标方面的重要性和在小泡融合中起的中心作用。下图为示意,摘自原文。 主要运用技术:protein affinity purification 第六篇Synaptic vesicle fusion complex contains unc-18 homologue bound to syntaxin 开始也是用GST-tagged HPC-1(cytoplasmic domains of syntaxin A)去拉蛋白,拉出一个线虫里叫UNC-18的蛋白,然后通过truncation的办法找了下UNC-18和syntaxin结合的区域。完善了运输的细节。
下面是一些补充的参考文献。 http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2002_rothman.pdf http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2002_schekman.pdf http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2013_b_sudhof.pdf Rapid Release Revealed: Honoring the Synapse Cell - Rothman and Schekman SNAREd by Lasker for Trafficking The Mechanisms of Vesicle Budding and Fusion热心网民5小时前0条评论